7. Studies of the occurrence, dynamics and geochemistry of crater
lakes.
Study projects in Argentina (Volcan Copahue,
with Daniel Delpino and Adriana Bermudez) and Indonesia (Keli Mutu, Wai Sano,
Lake Batur, Lake Putih, with Terry Sriwana, VSI, Bandung, Indonesia). Volcan
Copahue has a summit crater lake at 55 oC and pH=0.35 and fluids
discharge from this summit region and feed a river system (Rio Agrio) which
acidifies a large glacial lake, Lake Caviahue. We study the element fluxes,
the rates and extent of acid water-rock interaction and time series of the
lake composition as a volcano monitoring tool. The 3 Keli Mutu lakes on
Flores have strongly different compositions and variable colours, and we
investigate the basic descriptive chemistry, mineral saturation conditions
and lake dynamics. We also developed a comprehensive energy budget model
for crater lakes that provides insights into lake dynamics.
Wesleyan University students that worked with me on crater lakes:
Stephen Scholand '92: Keli Mutu lakes, Indonesia; now a resident MD in
Philadelphia
Gregory Pasternack '93: Keli Mutu lakes, Indonesia; now assistant professor
at UC Davis, Dept. of Hydrology
Gary Mayberri '97: ashes from japan; now at the GVP, Smithsonian, Washington
DC
Scott Herman '98: Copahue volcano, Argentina, somewhere on the globe
with ODP
Andy Ouimette '98-BA; 2000 MA; Copahue volcano, Argentina, now at USGS
Menlo park, Volcano Hazards Division
Gabe Landes, 2001, Kathryn Flynn (2002) Copahue volcano.
- Publications:
Poorter, R.P.E., Varekamp, J.C. et al., 1989: The Sirung volcanic boiling spring: An extreme chloride-rich, acid brine on Pantar (Lesser Sunda Islands, Indonesia). Chemical Geology, 76, 215-228.
Poorter, R.P.E., Varekamp, J.C., et al., 1989: Geochemistry of hot springs and fumarolic gases from the Banda Arc and Eastern Sunda Arc. Neth. J. of Sea Res., 24, 323-331.
Pasternack*, G. P. & Varekamp, J.C., 1994: The geochemistry of the Keli Mutu crater lakes, Flores, Indonesia. Geochemical Journal 28, 243-262.
Pasternack*, G. P. & Varekamp, J.C., 1997: Volcanic lake systematics I. Physical constraints. Bull. Volc. 58, 528-538.
Varekamp, J.C. & Rowe G.L., 1997: Exotic fluids in the exosphere: When Hades meets Apollo, meeting report. EOS 78, 237-239
Varekamp, J.C. and Thomas, E., 1998, Volcanic and anthropogenic contributions to global weathering budgets. J. Geochem. Exploration 62, 149-159.
Varekamp, J.C., and Kreulen, R. 2000: The stable isotope geochemistry of volcanic lakes: examples from Indonesia. 2000, J.Volc. Geothermal Res. 97, 309-327.
Sriwana, T., VanBergen, M.J., and Varekamp, J.C., 2000, The geochemistry of Kawah Putih, an acid crater lake in Java, Indonesia, J.Volc.Geothermal Res. 97, 77-104.
Varekamp, J.C., Pasternack, G.B. and Rowe, G.L., 2000, Volcanic lake systematics II. Chemical constraints. J.Volc. Geothermal Res. 97,161-180.
Varekamp, J.C., Ouimette, A.P., Herman, S., Delpino, D., and Bermudez, A., 2001. The 1992-2000 eruptions of Copahue, Argentina: a "bee-hive volcano" in turmoil. Geology 29, 1059-1062. (with cover photograph of the yellow Rio Agrio)
- Varekamp, J.C., Ouimette, A. and Kreulen. R., 2004, The magmato-hydrothermal system of Copahue volcano, Argentina. WRI-11, v.1, 215-218, Balkema Publishers, Leiden.
- Varekamp, J.C., 2004, Copahue Volcano: a modern terrestrial analog for the Opportunity Landing site? Eos, 82, 41, p. 401-407.
- Varekamp, J.C., 2003, Lake contamination models: evolution towards steady state in stratified lakes. J. of Limnology, 62 (suppl.1), 67-72.
- Varekamp, J.C., 2005, Reply to comment by Jorge Guala-Valverde on: Lake contamination models for evolution towards steady state. J. Limnology 24, 159-160.
- Gammons C. H., Wood S. A., Pedrozo F., Varekamp J.C., Nelson B., Shope C.L., and Baffico, G. 2005 Hydrogeochemistry and rare earth element behavior in a volcanically acidified watershed in Patagonia, Argentina. Chemical Geology 222, 249-267.
- Varekamp, J. C. (submitted) The acidification of glacial Lake Caviahue, Province of Neuquen, Argentina. Special issue Volcanic Lakes’, JVGR, in review.
- Hernández, P.A., N. M. Pérez, J. C. Varekamp, B. Henriquez, A. Hernández, J. Barrancos, E. Padrón David Calvo and G. Melián, ms, Crater lake temperature changes of the 2005 eruption of Santa Ana volcano, El Salvador, Central America, Pure and Applied Geophysics, special Issue - Volcano Monitoring.
- Varekamp, J. C., Luhr, J.F., and Cutter, G., Composition and origin of adsorbed volatiles on volcanic ashes. JVGR Special Issue El Chichon Eruption (ms)
- Varekamp, J.C., Herman, S., Ouimette, A., Flynn, K.. Natural acid fluids from volcanic sources. Applied Geochemistry, ms.
VISIT THE WEBSITE
The "Return of the Cinque Tenori", performing the 'Goldberg Ode' to Lake
Bolsena in a 12th century church in Bolsena, Italy (September 2002).